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- Paris, France
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vendredi 18 septembre 2009
jeudi 17 septembre 2009
mardi 15 septembre 2009
Below
La tour Eiffel, initialement nommée tour de 300 mètres, est une tour de fer puddlé construite par Gustave Eiffel et ses collaborateurs pour l'Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889. Situé à l'extrémité du parc du Champ-de-Mars, en bordure de la Seine, ce monument parisien, symbole de la France et de sa capitale est le neuvième site le plus visité du pays en 2006 et le premier monument payant visité au monde avec 6,893 millions de visiteurs en 2007.
D'une hauteur de 313,2 mètres à l'origine, prolongée par la suite de nombreuses antennes culminant à 324 mètres, la tour Eiffel est restée le monument le plus élevé du monde pendant plus de 40 ans. Utilisée dans le passé pour de nombreuses expériences scientifiques, elle sert aujourd'hui d'émetteur de programmes radiophoniques et télévisés. Sa construction n’a duré que 2 ans et 2 mois et personne n’est mort pendant le chantier.
dimanche 13 septembre 2009
Louis le quatorzième [2]
Louis XIV, named at birth Louis-Dieudonné and subsequently dubbed the Sun King or Louis the Great (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, September 5, 1638 - Versailles, 1 September 1715) is from May 14, 1643 until at his death, King of France and Navarre, the third of the Bourbon dynasty Capetian. Louis XIV, ruled for 72 years: he is the head of state who has ruled for as long as France and the monarch who ruled the longest in Europe.
Louis XIV accedes to the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but after a minority very marked by the revolt of the Fronde (1648-1653), he assumes personal control of government until the death of his minister Principal, Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661. It then takes over the chief minister and accentuates its direct role in the state after the death of his powerful ministers Colbert (1683) and Louvois (1691). His reign marked the apogee of the construction of an ancient royal absolutism by divine right. His absolute authority is deployed with the late great aristocratic revolts, parliamentarians, Protestant and peasant, which marked the life of the kingdom for over a century.
Louis XIV increases the territory of France and its power in Europe. It takes diplomacy and warfare at will by fighting for several series of European wars. He fortified the cities conquered by Vauban and surrounds and the new frontiers of their "iron belt" through a policy of territorial "turf" that streamlines and redraws the boundaries of the country.
His personal rule also coincides with an effort at economic development, commercial and colonial authorities through his minister Colbert, the economic component of the search for the predominantly French. The cultural prestige is affirmed by the presence of artistic figures protected by royal patronage, such as Molière, Racine, Boileau, Lully, Le Brun and Le Nôtre. Other, more independent, such as La Fontaine, poet, philosopher Blaise Pascal, the epistolary Madame de Sevigne, La Bruyere the moralist or the memoirist Saint-Simon's reign are also the heyday of French classicism history. Under his reign, France acquires preeminence European economic, political and military, and the prestige of France, its people, its language spoken by the elite and throughout Europe, and of course the king can during his lifetime, to speak of the "Age of Louis XIV," modeled on the centuries of Pericles and Augustus, or "Grand Siècle".
The king is also establishing a centralized and absolutist. He runs after 1682 since the vast palace of Versailles, he ordered the construction. The latter, architectural model many European palaces, is part of a sophisticated label to which it submits the court nobility, he held tightly in hand with him. Louis XIV also reduces the role of Parliaments, represses peasant revolts against taxation, maintains a long standoff with the Jansenists and took the controversial decision of revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The end of his long reign was marred by the exodus of Protestants persecuted by a series of military setbacks by the murderous famines of 1693 and 1709, causing revolt by the war Camisards, and numerous deaths in the royal family. But the regency of his successor, Louis XV, aged five years after the death of his great-grandfather, runs smoothly, reflecting the stability of the kingdom established by the monarch.
Inhabited by the idea of his glory and his divine right, anxious to perform his ongoing "kingly," Louis XIV became the archetypal absolute monarch.
Bird
Architectural and artistic presentation :
The Versailles is an exceptional witness of French art in the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The architecture incorporates the canons of classicism: the symmetry of the plan, the colonnaded facades, inspiration or ancient mythology in the choice of subjects carved. Some keys baroque bring some rigor to this fantasy classic.
The implementation of this monumental architectural ensemble creates a barrier between the city and area. According to the wish of Le Notre, to spare its effects, we should not see the city from the gardens and gardens not guess from the city.
The castle remains attached to the figure of Louis XIV (1638-1715) but this should not obscure that its construction and amenities go well beyond the reign of the Sun King.
The heart of the castle consists of the original building dating from the time of Louis XIII, the father of Louis XIV. It contrasts with other parts of its two-tone walls (brick and stone) and its high roof slates.
This "old castle" is partly enveloped in a more recent construction, built by the architects Le Vau and Orbay on the order of Louis XIV in 1668. A garden, presents a facade in order typical three floors. The second level (occupied by the Hall of Mirrors) is illuminated by high windows framed by engaged columns or pilasters. Pilasters found on the top floor of lower height. At the top of the building, a parapet hiding the roof flattened (Mansard roof).
The "old castle" and the "new castle" form a rough U-plane Two long wings extending north and south this first set. Built by another architect, Jules Hardouin-Mansart, yet they incorporate the broad envelope of Le Vau.
Inside the castle is occupied by including larger ones. These are the great king's apartment, the apartment of the queen and the Galerie des Glaces. The apartments are in rows of beautifully decorated rooms with ceilings down the architects of Charles Le Brun.
73 m long, the Hall of Mirrors is meant the more majestic hall of the castle. It opens on one side of the garden while the other is covered seventeen panels of mirrors.
To meet the large apartments flats. There are more intimate rooms that large ceremonial rooms. Louis XV there invited him to dinner his family there and Louis XVI installed his small forge locksmith. The apartments are not always in their original configuration, that is to say, the time of Louis XIV. The apartment of the queen this example in his state in 1787 when Marie-Antoinette lived.
In addition to residential buildings, the castle is completed by the chapel and opera. In the chapel, built between 1689 and 1710, the king attended Mass daily. The opera opened in 1770, is one of the last buildings constructed in the Castle.
Château de Versailles :
Le château de Versailles fut la résidence des rois de France Louis XIV, Louis XV et Louis XVI. Résidence royale, ce monument compte parmi les plus remarquables de France et du monde tant par sa beauté que par les événements dont il fut le théâtre. Le roi et la cour y résident de façon permanente du 6 mai 1682 au 6 octobre 1789 à l'exception des quelques années de la Régence. Il est situé au sud-ouest de Paris, dans la ville de Versailles en France. Ce château est devenu un symbole de l'apogée de la royauté française. La grandeur des lieux se voulait à l'image de celle des rois successifs.
Le château est constitué d'une succession d'éléments ayant une harmonie architecturale. Il s'étale sur 67 000 m² et comprend plus de 2 000 pièces.
Le parc du château de Versailles s'étend sur 815 ha (8 000 avant la Révolution) dont 93 ha de jardins. Il comprend de nombreux éléments dont le petit et le grand Trianon, le hameau de la Reine, le grand et le petit Canal, une ménagerie, une orangerie et la pièce d'eau des Suisses.
Tamron
Lens Tamron 12.24 mm
[Equivalent d'un 16-37 mm*]
* Equivalent en argentique.
Le nouvel objectif 10-24 mm élargit la gamme Grand Angle pour boîtiers reflex numériques.
La toute première plage de longueurs focales de 10-24 mm pour ultra grand-angle.
Ce zoom ultra grand-angle pour reflex numériques, le premier à proposer une plage de longueurs focales de 10-24 mm – soit de l'ultra grand-angle de 16 mm au semi grand-angle de 37 mm en équivalent 35 mm – est un instrument idéal pour recréer des paysages grandioses, que ce soit en pleine nature, en ville ou à la mer. En position ultra grand-angle, vous pouvez prendre des photos qui transcendent votre regard habituel sur votre environnement. En position semi grand-angle, il vous permet de prendre des photos avec des angles de champ presque aussi spectaculaires. Inspiré de l'actuel zoom ultra grand-angle de Tamron (11-18 mm F/4.5-5.6), cet objectif polyvalent élargit la plage de longueurs focales et améliore l'ouverture maximale tout en restant léger et compact.
Distance minimale de mise au point de 24 cm sur toute la variation du zoom.
La capacité de mise au point rapprochée de cet objectif vous permet de prendre des photos en exagérant la perspective à la position ultra grand-angle de 10 mm ou de photographier avec un rapport d'agrandissement maximal de 1:5 à la position semi grand-angle de 24 mm. Vous apprécierez la liberté de pouvoir créer des gros plans à la distance minimale de mise au point de 24 cm sur la totalité de la variation.